متى ظٹط¨ط¯ط§ ط³طھط§ط± ط§ظƒط§ط¯ظٹظ…ظٹ 8 Begins when Star Academy 8
في شهر ابريل
In April
التصنيف: الواحة العلمية و ملتقى المعلمات
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Source of
http://forums.offtopic.com/
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سبحان الله و بحمده
What is the currency of India
1 Ruby Indian = 0.022686 USD
لقراءة ردود و اجابات الأعضاء على هذا الموضوع اضغط هنا
سبحان الله و بحمده
معلومات و طھظ‚ط±ظٹط± ط¨ط§ظ„ظ„ط؛ط© ط§ظ„ط§ظ†ط¬ظ„ظٹط²ظٹط© عن الحيوانات
Elephants
Introduction
Elephant, huge mammal characterized by a long muscular snout and two long, curved tusks. Highly intelligent and strong, elephants are the largest land animals and are among the longest-lived, with life spans of 60 years or more. Healthy, full-grown elephants have no natural enemies other than humans.
Throughout history, people have prized elephants for their great size and strength
. On the battlefield, soldiers astride elephants have trampled and terrified enemies. Elephants also have been trained to carry heavy supplies through jungles and to haul huge logs from the forests where they once lived.
Elephants have long been revered and honored, and in Thailand, India, and other Southeast Asian countries, beautifully decorated elephants still play a significant role in traditional religious ceremonies. According to Buddhist tradition, the Buddha chose the form of a white elephant as one of his many earthly incarnations, and the rare appearance of a white elephant is still heralded as a manifestation of the gods.
Over the past 40 million years, more than 600 species of elephants have roamed the earth. Today only two species are alive—the African elephant and the Asian elephant. Climate fluctuations over the millennia and resulting vegetation changes caused the extinction of many elephant species, but human impact has also taken its toll. At the turn of the 20th century, elephants numbered from 5 million to 10 million, but widespread hunting and habitat destruction reduced their numbers to an estimated 640,000 by the end of the century. Present-day efforts to save elephants may be inadequate, and biologists are unsure if elephants as a species will survive.
Elephant, huge mammal characterized by a long muscular snout and two long, curved tusks. Highly intelligent and strong, elephants are the largest land animals and are among the longest-lived, with life spans of 60 years or more. Healthy, full-grown elephants have no natural enemies other than humans.
Throughout history, people have prized elephants for their great size and strength
. On the battlefield, soldiers astride elephants have trampled and terrified enemies. Elephants also have been trained to carry heavy supplies through jungles and to haul huge logs from the forests where they once lived.
Elephants have long been revered and honored, and in Thailand, India, and other Southeast Asian countries, beautifully decorated elephants still play a significant role in traditional religious ceremonies. According to Buddhist tradition, the Buddha chose the form of a white elephant as one of his many earthly incarnations, and the rare appearance of a white elephant is still heralded as a manifestation of the gods.
Over the past 40 million years, more than 600 species of elephants have roamed the earth. Today only two species are alive—the African elephant and the Asian elephant. Climate fluctuations over the millennia and resulting vegetation changes caused the extinction of many elephant species, but human impact has also taken its toll. At the turn of the 20th century, elephants numbered from 5 million to 10 million, but widespread hunting and habitat destruction reduced their numbers to an estimated 640,000 by the end of the century. Present-day efforts to save elephants may be inadequate, and biologists are unsure if elephants as a species will survive.
Evolution
The earliest known ancestors of modern-day elephants evolved about 65 million years ago in the region now known as Egypt. Called Moeritherium, these swamp-dwelling animals were from pig- to cow-sized, with an elongated snout but no trunk. They sported two pairs of slightly elongated front teeth—indicators of what would eventually evolve into tusks. Three groups of elephant-like animals descended from Moeritherium: Deinotherioidea, Mastodontoidea, and Elephantoidea. Deinotherioidea evolved from 54 million to 38 million years ago and lived in parts of Asia, Europe, and Africa. It possessed a trunk and two tusks, which pointed backward, possibly for hoeing up food from the edges and bottoms of swamps. The last surviving members of this group died out about 10,000 years ago.
The earliest members of the Mastodontoidea group evolved about 38 million years ago. These animals had elephant-like trunks, and, depending on the family, displayed either two or four tusks. The upper tusks were vertical, or upward pointing. The lower set, when present, bent forward and were sometimes shaped like shovels, apparently for digging plant roots and bulbs. The mastodon, the most familiar member of this group, evolved about 15 million years ago, and spread to Europe, Asia, Africa, and North America. Its descendants lived in the cold world of the last great Ice Age—2.5 million to 8000 years ago, when thick glaciers covered parts of North America and Europe. The mastodon had two tusks that curved upward and was covered with a thick coat of shaggy hair. About 10,000 years ago, early humans began hunting mastodons, contributing to their extinction.
The Elephantoidea group, which evolved 8 million to 10 million years ago, includes the mammoth and Stegolophodon. The mammoth also lived during the Ice Age and
[align=center]was covered with a thick, woolly coat. Unlike the mastodon’s forward-curving tusks, the mammoth’s tusks curved backward. The mammoth displayed a prominent hump on its back. Mammoths roamed North America, Africa, Europe, and Asia, were hunted by early humans, and died out about 8000 years ago. Stegolophodon evolved about the same time as the mammoth and inhabited Europe, Asia, and Africa. Its tusks and other features were intermediate between the mammoth and modern-day elephants. Stegolophodon’s descendants are the African and Asian elephants of today.
The earliest known ancestors of modern-day elephants evolved about 65 million years ago in the region now known as Egypt. Called Moeritherium, these swamp-dwelling animals were from pig- to cow-sized, with an elongated snout but no trunk. They sported two pairs of slightly elongated front teeth—indicators of what would eventually evolve into tusks. Three groups of elephant-like animals descended from Moeritherium: Deinotherioidea, Mastodontoidea, and Elephantoidea. Deinotherioidea evolved from 54 million to 38 million years ago and lived in parts of Asia, Europe, and Africa. It possessed a trunk and two tusks, which pointed backward, possibly for hoeing up food from the edges and bottoms of swamps. The last surviving members of this group died out about 10,000 years ago.
The earliest members of the Mastodontoidea group evolved about 38 million years ago. These animals had elephant-like trunks, and, depending on the family, displayed either two or four tusks. The upper tusks were vertical, or upward pointing. The lower set, when present, bent forward and were sometimes shaped like shovels, apparently for digging plant roots and bulbs. The mastodon, the most familiar member of this group, evolved about 15 million years ago, and spread to Europe, Asia, Africa, and North America. Its descendants lived in the cold world of the last great Ice Age—2.5 million to 8000 years ago, when thick glaciers covered parts of North America and Europe. The mastodon had two tusks that curved upward and was covered with a thick coat of shaggy hair. About 10,000 years ago, early humans began hunting mastodons, contributing to their extinction.
The Elephantoidea group, which evolved 8 million to 10 million years ago, includes the mammoth and Stegolophodon. The mammoth also lived during the Ice Age and
[align=center]was covered with a thick, woolly coat. Unlike the mastodon’s forward-curving tusks, the mammoth’s tusks curved backward. The mammoth displayed a prominent hump on its back. Mammoths roamed North America, Africa, Europe, and Asia, were hunted by early humans, and died out about 8000 years ago. Stegolophodon evolved about the same time as the mammoth and inhabited Europe, Asia, and Africa. Its tusks and other features were intermediate between the mammoth and modern-day elephants. Stegolophodon’s descendants are the African and Asian elephants of today.
Range and Habitat
Fossils of elephant ancestors indicate they once lived on every continent except Australia and Antarctica, but elephant habitat today is restricted to Africa and parts of Southeast Asia. Elephants occupy an array of environments in Africa and Southeast Asia—grasslands, marshes, forests, deserts, and mountains. They are herbivores, or plant eaters, and need great quantities of food to sustain their massive size. They also need a lot of drinking water and so are restricted to areas with ample vegetation and adequate water.
Even small herds of a few elephants can quickly deplete the food and water resources of an area, forcing them to keep on the move. A herd of elephants migrates seasonally in an extended loop, looking for fresh resources within its home range, which can extend over 1500 sq km (600 sq mi). In its search for food, an elephant can travel 5000 to 10,000 km (3100 to 6200 mi) in one year, the longest mammal migration on record.
Fossils of elephant ancestors indicate they once lived on every continent except Australia and Antarctica, but elephant habitat today is restricted to Africa and parts of Southeast Asia. Elephants occupy an array of environments in Africa and Southeast Asia—grasslands, marshes, forests, deserts, and mountains. They are herbivores, or plant eaters, and need great quantities of food to sustain their massive size. They also need a lot of drinking water and so are restricted to areas with ample vegetation and adequate water.
Even small herds of a few elephants can quickly deplete the food and water resources of an area, forcing them to keep on the move. A herd of elephants migrates seasonally in an extended loop, looking for fresh resources within its home range, which can extend over 1500 sq km (600 sq mi). In its search for food, an elephant can travel 5000 to 10,000 km (3100 to 6200 mi) in one year, the longest mammal migration on record.
Physical De@_@@_@@_@@_@@_@@_@ion
African and Asian elephants differ in size, color, and other physical characteristics. The African elephant can be distinguished by its larger size and broader ears that drape over its shoulders. Males, or bulls, may reach 4 m (13 ft) in height and weigh 7000 kg (15,400 lb). Females, or cows, are shorter, averaging 2.8 m (9 ft) in height, and weigh considerably less, about 3600 kg (7900 lb). African elephants are light gray in color, although they can appear dark gray, red, or brown from the mud they bathe in. They have a low, flat forehead and a slightly swayed back. Their fan-shaped ears average 1.5 m (5 ft) in length and 1.2 m (4 ft) in width. Both bulls and cows have long, curved tusks.
Asian elephants are shorter and stockier than their African relatives, with ears that do not reach their shoulders. The average Asian bull stands 3 m (10 ft) tall and weighs 2300 kg (5100 lb), about half the weight of male African elephants. Cows reach an average height of 2.4 m (7.8 ft) and weigh an average of 3000 kg (6600 lb). Asian elephants have dark gray skin, a bulbous forehead, and a rounded back. Ear size averages 0.75 m (2.5 ft) long and 0.6 m (2 ft wide). The cow’s tusks may be either absent or undeveloped.
Despite their great weight, elephants walk almost noiselessly with exceptional grace, their columnar legs keeping their bulk moving forward in smooth, rhythmic strides. A thick cushion of resilient tissue grows on the base of each foot, absorbing the shock of the weight. The toes help balance the weight in walking. Elephants normally walk at a speed of about 6 km/h (about 4 mph) and can charge at up to 40 km/h (25 mph). They cannot gallop or jump over ditches, but readily take to rivers and lakes, where the water supports them and enables them to swim long distances without tiring.
An elephant’s nose and upper lip are combined in a long, limber trunk, an exceptionally supple appendage with an estimated 150,000 muscle units. The versatile trunk acts like a hand for grasping low-growing shrubs and other food and placing it
African and Asian elephants differ in size, color, and other physical characteristics. The African elephant can be distinguished by its larger size and broader ears that drape over its shoulders. Males, or bulls, may reach 4 m (13 ft) in height and weigh 7000 kg (15,400 lb). Females, or cows, are shorter, averaging 2.8 m (9 ft) in height, and weigh considerably less, about 3600 kg (7900 lb). African elephants are light gray in color, although they can appear dark gray, red, or brown from the mud they bathe in. They have a low, flat forehead and a slightly swayed back. Their fan-shaped ears average 1.5 m (5 ft) in length and 1.2 m (4 ft) in width. Both bulls and cows have long, curved tusks.
Asian elephants are shorter and stockier than their African relatives, with ears that do not reach their shoulders. The average Asian bull stands 3 m (10 ft) tall and weighs 2300 kg (5100 lb), about half the weight of male African elephants. Cows reach an average height of 2.4 m (7.8 ft) and weigh an average of 3000 kg (6600 lb). Asian elephants have dark gray skin, a bulbous forehead, and a rounded back. Ear size averages 0.75 m (2.5 ft) long and 0.6 m (2 ft wide). The cow’s tusks may be either absent or undeveloped.
Despite their great weight, elephants walk almost noiselessly with exceptional grace, their columnar legs keeping their bulk moving forward in smooth, rhythmic strides. A thick cushion of resilient tissue grows on the base of each foot, absorbing the shock of the weight. The toes help balance the weight in walking. Elephants normally walk at a speed of about 6 km/h (about 4 mph) and can charge at up to 40 km/h (25 mph). They cannot gallop or jump over ditches, but readily take to rivers and lakes, where the water supports them and enables them to swim long distances without tiring.
An elephant’s nose and upper lip are combined in a long, limber trunk, an exceptionally supple appendage with an estimated 150,000 muscle units. The versatile trunk acts like a hand for grasping low-growing shrubs and other food and placing it
into the mouth; an arm for breaking off tree branches; or a snorkel for breathing when the elephant’s body is submerged. Elephants also use their trunks to suck up water and squirt it into their mouths for drinking or over their bodies for bathing. Nostrils at the trunk’s tip enable elephants to detect odors. For faint scents, elephants sample the air with their nostrils. They then place the trunk in the mouth, where special organs pick up the odor. African elephants have two small, flexible lips at the end of the trunk for picking up small ******s. Asian elephants have only one lip at the end of the trunk, which they use for the same purpose.
Elephant tusks, the paired, elongated upper incisors, or teeth, are the largest and heaviest teeth of any living animal. The tusks are used for digging for roots and water, stripping the bark off trees for food, fighting each other during mating season, and, in African elephant cows, warding off predators of baby elephants such as lions and tigers. In a calf, the first incisors are replaced within 6 to 12 months of birth, and the second set, which becomes the tusks, grows at the rate of about 17 cm (about 7 in) per year throughout life. Tusk growth is determined by genetics and nutrition, and over the years, normal wear and tear scales down their length. An African bull tusk typically weighs 20 to 45 kg (50 to 100 lb) and is 1.8 to 2.4 m (6 to 8 ft) in length. The tusks of an adult Asian bull average 1.5 m (5 ft) in length and 30 kg (70 lb) in weight. The more massive tusks of the African elephant, and the fact that both bulls and cows have tusks, make these animals a more desirable target for ivory hunters than Asian elephants.
Elephants have a total of four teeth, all molars, which have jagged ridges for grinding leaves, stems, and roots. A single tooth can weigh more than 5 kg (11 lb) and measure 30 cm (12 in) in length. The first pair of molars is located toward the front of the mouth; when these front molars wear down, they drop out in pieces as the two molars in the back shift forward. Two new molars then emerge in the back of the mouth to replace those that have moved forward. Elephants replace the back molars six times throughout life. When the last set of molars wears out—anywhere between 40 and about 60 years of age—an elephant can no longer chew food and dies of starvation, a not uncommon death among elephants.
Elephant skin is wrinkled and thick (2.5 cm/1 in) with a sparse covering of bristle-like hair. Despite its thickness, the skin is subject to infection by lice, ticks that carry blood-borne diseases, and the larvae of the warble fly, which bore into the elephant’s body and cause swelling and bleeding. Elephants frequently cover themselves with dust, bathe in water, and take mud baths to protect their skin.
Elephants lack sweat glands in their skin and their ears act like radiators for releasing body heat. By flapping them, an elephant brings the many blood vessels within each broad ear into contact with the air, which cools the blood before it circulates again through the body. This cooling mechanism may explain why the African elephant, which evolved in a hot climate, has ears larger than those of its Asian relative, which evolved in a cooler area. An elephant’s tail is hairless but has a skimpy brush at its tip, a useful tool for whisking away pesky flies. A typical tail can weigh 10 kilograms (22 lb).
Elephant eyesight is poor, and the eyes are small in relation to the enormous head, which can turn just slightly from side to side. This limited movement results in restricted side vision, and an elephant must move its whole body to broaden its range of vision. Its other senses—hearing, smell, taste, and touch—are acute. The most sensitive organ is the trunk, which is frequently at work picking up scents of food and danger from the ground and air. Elephants can smell water at great distances and can hear certain sounds from more than a mile away.
Elephant tusks, the paired, elongated upper incisors, or teeth, are the largest and heaviest teeth of any living animal. The tusks are used for digging for roots and water, stripping the bark off trees for food, fighting each other during mating season, and, in African elephant cows, warding off predators of baby elephants such as lions and tigers. In a calf, the first incisors are replaced within 6 to 12 months of birth, and the second set, which becomes the tusks, grows at the rate of about 17 cm (about 7 in) per year throughout life. Tusk growth is determined by genetics and nutrition, and over the years, normal wear and tear scales down their length. An African bull tusk typically weighs 20 to 45 kg (50 to 100 lb) and is 1.8 to 2.4 m (6 to 8 ft) in length. The tusks of an adult Asian bull average 1.5 m (5 ft) in length and 30 kg (70 lb) in weight. The more massive tusks of the African elephant, and the fact that both bulls and cows have tusks, make these animals a more desirable target for ivory hunters than Asian elephants.
Elephants have a total of four teeth, all molars, which have jagged ridges for grinding leaves, stems, and roots. A single tooth can weigh more than 5 kg (11 lb) and measure 30 cm (12 in) in length. The first pair of molars is located toward the front of the mouth; when these front molars wear down, they drop out in pieces as the two molars in the back shift forward. Two new molars then emerge in the back of the mouth to replace those that have moved forward. Elephants replace the back molars six times throughout life. When the last set of molars wears out—anywhere between 40 and about 60 years of age—an elephant can no longer chew food and dies of starvation, a not uncommon death among elephants.
Elephant skin is wrinkled and thick (2.5 cm/1 in) with a sparse covering of bristle-like hair. Despite its thickness, the skin is subject to infection by lice, ticks that carry blood-borne diseases, and the larvae of the warble fly, which bore into the elephant’s body and cause swelling and bleeding. Elephants frequently cover themselves with dust, bathe in water, and take mud baths to protect their skin.
Elephants lack sweat glands in their skin and their ears act like radiators for releasing body heat. By flapping them, an elephant brings the many blood vessels within each broad ear into contact with the air, which cools the blood before it circulates again through the body. This cooling mechanism may explain why the African elephant, which evolved in a hot climate, has ears larger than those of its Asian relative, which evolved in a cooler area. An elephant’s tail is hairless but has a skimpy brush at its tip, a useful tool for whisking away pesky flies. A typical tail can weigh 10 kilograms (22 lb).
Elephant eyesight is poor, and the eyes are small in relation to the enormous head, which can turn just slightly from side to side. This limited movement results in restricted side vision, and an elephant must move its whole body to broaden its range of vision. Its other senses—hearing, smell, taste, and touch—are acute. The most sensitive organ is the trunk, which is frequently at work picking up scents of food and danger from the ground and air. Elephants can smell water at great distances and can hear certain sounds from more than a mile away.
Elephants dine on a wealth of plant parts—leaves, twigs, bark, shoots, fruit, flowers, roots, tubers, and bulbs—from as many as 80 different plant species. They use their trunks for uprooting clumps of grass and for plucking branches and leaves from shrubs and trees. Hungry African elephants may apply their full weight to a tree trunk, devouring all edible parts after the tree has toppled. Wild Asian elephants eat more grasses, including rice, than their African cousins do; Southeast Asian rice farmers must defend their crops from elephant herds on the move.
The digestive system of elephants is less efficient than those of other herbivores such as antelope and buffalo. Food passes quickly through the digestive system before nutrients are absorbed, causing elephants to discard about half the plant material they consume. This inefficient digestive system means that elephants must eat large quantities of food to retain and absorb necessary nutrients for good health.
In the wild, elephants devote about three-quarters of their day to feeding. An adult elephant eats 75 to 150 kg (165 to 330 lb) of food each day. Records of zookeepers in the United States show that the average elephant in captivity eats about 39 kg (about 87 lb) of hay; 5 to 7 kg (10 to 15 lb) of grain; and 5 to 7 kg (10 to 15 lb) of carrots in 24 hours. Elephants in captivity are also fond of apples, cabbages, and other fruits and vegetables.
The digestive system of elephants is less efficient than those of other herbivores such as antelope and buffalo. Food passes quickly through the digestive system before nutrients are absorbed, causing elephants to discard about half the plant material they consume. This inefficient digestive system means that elephants must eat large quantities of food to retain and absorb necessary nutrients for good health.
In the wild, elephants devote about three-quarters of their day to feeding. An adult elephant eats 75 to 150 kg (165 to 330 lb) of food each day. Records of zookeepers in the United States show that the average elephant in captivity eats about 39 kg (about 87 lb) of hay; 5 to 7 kg (10 to 15 lb) of grain; and 5 to 7 kg (10 to 15 lb) of carrots in 24 hours. Elephants in captivity are also fond of apples, cabbages, and other fruits and vegetables.
Reproduction
@_@@_@@_@ual maturity among bulls begins at about 11 to 12 years, but during mating season older bulls drive the younger ones away; bulls typically do not mate until around age 30. When a bull is about 20 to 25 years of age, the large glands on both sides of its head begin to swell and secrete an oily, testosterone-rich fluid. The bull’s behavior becomes erratic and often aggressive toward other bulls and humans at this time. This event, known as musth, occurs annually throughout the bull’s lifetime, lasting for several days or several months depending on the animal’s age and overall health. Scientists are uncertain of musth’s full significance, but many believe it is related to the social hierarchy among bulls that controls access to cows during the mating season.
Cows begin breeding at about nine years of age and typically come into estrus, or heat, every 16 weeks, at which time they are receptive to mating. While pregnant, a cow’s estrus cycle halts and she does not mate. Soon after a cow gives birth, her estrus cycle begins again and she mates even if she is nursing. There is no breeding season for elephants—mating occurs throughout the year. Elephants do not mate for life. Bulls and cows form temporary pairs prior to mating, and after a brief courtship, the bull mounts the cow from behind, copulating for less than a minute. Mating may continue for several days. Usually, one bull mates with several cows, guarding them from the advances of other bulls.
Cows give birth to single calves 20 to 22 months after conception, the longest gestation period known for any animal. Cows may give birth alone or surrounded by other cows. A newborn elephant is about 1 m (about 3 ft) high and weighs about 120 kg (about 260 lb). The calf is initially helpless and unable to control its leg muscles and trunk. After one to two hours, the calf is able to stand and suckle, obtaining milk from its mother’s paired mammary glands, which are located between the front legs.
Between three and four weeks, calves begin to experiment with feeding themselves; it may take six months before a calf can master the skill of drinking with its trunk. By
@_@@_@@_@ual maturity among bulls begins at about 11 to 12 years, but during mating season older bulls drive the younger ones away; bulls typically do not mate until around age 30. When a bull is about 20 to 25 years of age, the large glands on both sides of its head begin to swell and secrete an oily, testosterone-rich fluid. The bull’s behavior becomes erratic and often aggressive toward other bulls and humans at this time. This event, known as musth, occurs annually throughout the bull’s lifetime, lasting for several days or several months depending on the animal’s age and overall health. Scientists are uncertain of musth’s full significance, but many believe it is related to the social hierarchy among bulls that controls access to cows during the mating season.
Cows begin breeding at about nine years of age and typically come into estrus, or heat, every 16 weeks, at which time they are receptive to mating. While pregnant, a cow’s estrus cycle halts and she does not mate. Soon after a cow gives birth, her estrus cycle begins again and she mates even if she is nursing. There is no breeding season for elephants—mating occurs throughout the year. Elephants do not mate for life. Bulls and cows form temporary pairs prior to mating, and after a brief courtship, the bull mounts the cow from behind, copulating for less than a minute. Mating may continue for several days. Usually, one bull mates with several cows, guarding them from the advances of other bulls.
Cows give birth to single calves 20 to 22 months after conception, the longest gestation period known for any animal. Cows may give birth alone or surrounded by other cows. A newborn elephant is about 1 m (about 3 ft) high and weighs about 120 kg (about 260 lb). The calf is initially helpless and unable to control its leg muscles and trunk. After one to two hours, the calf is able to stand and suckle, obtaining milk from its mother’s paired mammary glands, which are located between the front legs.
Between three and four weeks, calves begin to experiment with feeding themselves; it may take six months before a calf can master the skill of drinking with its trunk. By
the age of nine months, calves spend almost half of their time feeding on vegetation. They are weaned at about three or four years of age upon the birth of a younger brother or sister. In captivity, cows have borne calves until they are 60 years of age, at intervals of about four years.
One or more allomothers, or "aunts," often assist in the rearing of a calf, staying near the calf, for example, while the mother moves away to forage for food. The more allomothers, the greater the chances of the calf’s survival. By age ten, a calf will weigh 900 to 1300 kg (2017 to 3000 lb). It will attain most of its height between the ages of 20 and 25, but unlike other mammals, will continue to grow at a slow rate throughout life.
One or more allomothers, or "aunts," often assist in the rearing of a calf, staying near the calf, for example, while the mother moves away to forage for food. The more allomothers, the greater the chances of the calf’s survival. By age ten, a calf will weigh 900 to 1300 kg (2017 to 3000 lb). It will attain most of its height between the ages of 20 and 25, but unlike other mammals, will continue to grow at a slow rate throughout life.
Behavior
Elephants display complex social behavior, living in tightly knit families that are matriarchal—that is, headed by the oldest females. Families are composed of sisters, cousins, aunts, and nieces, and their young offspring, and range in size from 2 to 29 individuals. These animals may remain together for life. If a family becomes too large, a few females leave to start a new herd. The members of a family bathe, forage, and travel as a group. Family members typically stay within 46 m (150 ft) of the matriarch, maintaining contact with their calls. If they are separated even for a matter of hours, their reunion is marked by an elaborate greeting ceremony, which includes running, rumbling, spinning, trumpeting, defecating, urinating, clicking tusks, and rubbing each other’s bodies with their heads. The family also defends the young, sick, old, and disabled from predators. When the elder cow in a family dies, the next oldest usually takes her place as leader.
Young males begin to wander away from the family at about age six, and gradually spend more and more time away, alone or in the company of other young males. When they become @_@@_@@_@ually mature they either leave the family for good or are driven away by the older females. They may roam about on their own or join other males to form bachelor herds, remaining nearby but operating independently of the female-led family units. Bulls within bachelor herds occasionally battle, although rarely to the death, to determine who is boss within their herd.
During their seasonal migrations, many family groups may travel together as a single herd led by the oldest female, the matriarch. If a predator threatens, the herd groups together, with the matriarch facing the enemy and the young elephants hiding behind the adults. When danger comes too close, the matriarch charges or leads the herd in a stampede to defeat the enemy.
Elephants communicate with each other through touch, sound, scent, and body @_@@_@@_@@_@@_@@_@@_@@_@. Touching is done mainly with the trunk, and can range from a cow’s gentle caress of her calf to a disciplinary slap delivered by a matriarch to an unruly sub-adult male. Shoving, kicking, and rubbing against each other are other ways that elephants communicate.
Elephants also raise their voices to communicate, trumpeting as a warning or greeting to other elephants nearby. These animals also produce low-frequency rumbling sounds, which can travel over great distances, reaching the ears of elephants several kilometers away. Recent research indicates that elephants also communicate with infrasound, sounds inaudible to human ears.
Elephant communication includes the secretion of different pheromones in urine or dung. These chemical scent signals can be detected by nearby elephants, or carried by the breeze to elephants at a distance. The secretions of the glands during musth also convey scent messages. In addition, information is shared through various body poses.
Elephants display complex social behavior, living in tightly knit families that are matriarchal—that is, headed by the oldest females. Families are composed of sisters, cousins, aunts, and nieces, and their young offspring, and range in size from 2 to 29 individuals. These animals may remain together for life. If a family becomes too large, a few females leave to start a new herd. The members of a family bathe, forage, and travel as a group. Family members typically stay within 46 m (150 ft) of the matriarch, maintaining contact with their calls. If they are separated even for a matter of hours, their reunion is marked by an elaborate greeting ceremony, which includes running, rumbling, spinning, trumpeting, defecating, urinating, clicking tusks, and rubbing each other’s bodies with their heads. The family also defends the young, sick, old, and disabled from predators. When the elder cow in a family dies, the next oldest usually takes her place as leader.
Young males begin to wander away from the family at about age six, and gradually spend more and more time away, alone or in the company of other young males. When they become @_@@_@@_@ually mature they either leave the family for good or are driven away by the older females. They may roam about on their own or join other males to form bachelor herds, remaining nearby but operating independently of the female-led family units. Bulls within bachelor herds occasionally battle, although rarely to the death, to determine who is boss within their herd.
During their seasonal migrations, many family groups may travel together as a single herd led by the oldest female, the matriarch. If a predator threatens, the herd groups together, with the matriarch facing the enemy and the young elephants hiding behind the adults. When danger comes too close, the matriarch charges or leads the herd in a stampede to defeat the enemy.
Elephants communicate with each other through touch, sound, scent, and body @_@@_@@_@@_@@_@@_@@_@@_@. Touching is done mainly with the trunk, and can range from a cow’s gentle caress of her calf to a disciplinary slap delivered by a matriarch to an unruly sub-adult male. Shoving, kicking, and rubbing against each other are other ways that elephants communicate.
Elephants also raise their voices to communicate, trumpeting as a warning or greeting to other elephants nearby. These animals also produce low-frequency rumbling sounds, which can travel over great distances, reaching the ears of elephants several kilometers away. Recent research indicates that elephants also communicate with infrasound, sounds inaudible to human ears.
Elephant communication includes the secretion of different pheromones in urine or dung. These chemical scent signals can be detected by nearby elephants, or carried by the breeze to elephants at a distance. The secretions of the glands during musth also convey scent messages. In addition, information is shared through various body poses.
[align=center]An African elephant, for example, spreads its ears wide and may flap them while holding its trunk against its body to signal it is about to charge.
Much has been written about the emotional life of elephants. Observation of wild elephants has proven them to be loyal and affectionate, willing to risk their lives for the sake of others in a family group. Wild elephants have been known to celebrate births of new elephants and to grieve and even shed tears over the death of a family member. In captivity, elephants can become attached to a particular zookeeper or circus worker, refusing to cooperate for anyone else.
Elephants are a key species in the ecology of forests and savannas. While feeding, they shape the environment around them. By eating greenery high above ground, they punch holes through which sunlight penetrates, enabling low-growing plants to thrive. By uprooting grasses, they turn over the soil, aerating it so new plants grow to replace the ones that are eaten. In times of drought, they dig water holes from which other wildlife also drink. As they walk through the dense forests and jungles, elephants clear paths that smaller animals, including humans, can use.
Much has been written about the emotional life of elephants. Observation of wild elephants has proven them to be loyal and affectionate, willing to risk their lives for the sake of others in a family group. Wild elephants have been known to celebrate births of new elephants and to grieve and even shed tears over the death of a family member. In captivity, elephants can become attached to a particular zookeeper or circus worker, refusing to cooperate for anyone else.
Elephants are a key species in the ecology of forests and savannas. While feeding, they shape the environment around them. By eating greenery high above ground, they punch holes through which sunlight penetrates, enabling low-growing plants to thrive. By uprooting grasses, they turn over the soil, aerating it so new plants grow to replace the ones that are eaten. In times of drought, they dig water holes from which other wildlife also drink. As they walk through the dense forests and jungles, elephants clear paths that smaller animals, including humans, can use.
Intelligence
It is difficult to measure the intelligence of any animal, including human beings. Nevertheless, there are strong reasons to believe that elephants are capable of higher mental functions than many other mammals, including domestic dogs and cats. One indicator is the ease with which elephants can learn tricks or tasks, an aspect of their intelligence that has been put to use by circus owners and mahouts, or trainers, in Asia, many of whom teach their elephants to haul logs or transport travelers.
A young elephant remembers the different paths to food or water marked out by an older cow, another indicator of intelligence. Playful behavior, observed in primates and other animals recognized as highly intelligent, is typical of young elephants, who put much energy into games of hide and seek, tug of war, and ***. Play provides a young elephant with the social skills needed to live in a family unit, while strengthening its muscles and improving its coordination for the tasks it carries out as an adult, such as foraging, bathing, and mating.
It is difficult to measure the intelligence of any animal, including human beings. Nevertheless, there are strong reasons to believe that elephants are capable of higher mental functions than many other mammals, including domestic dogs and cats. One indicator is the ease with which elephants can learn tricks or tasks, an aspect of their intelligence that has been put to use by circus owners and mahouts, or trainers, in Asia, many of whom teach their elephants to haul logs or transport travelers.
A young elephant remembers the different paths to food or water marked out by an older cow, another indicator of intelligence. Playful behavior, observed in primates and other animals recognized as highly intelligent, is typical of young elephants, who put much energy into games of hide and seek, tug of war, and ***. Play provides a young elephant with the social skills needed to live in a family unit, while strengthening its muscles and improving its coordination for the tasks it carries out as an adult, such as foraging, bathing, and mating.
Elephants and Humans
For more than 2022 years, Asian elephants have been captured and trained to serve people. African elephants were used by Carthaginian general Hannibal to carry his supplies across the Alps during his famous march to conquer Rome in the 3rd century. As recently as the 16th century, elephants were harnessed and ridden onto the battlefield, and during World War II (1939-1945) they were used to drag heavy military equipment up steep, muddy slopes.
Although no longer employed for warfare, Asian elephants continue to earn their keep in Southeast Asia and India. Approximately 13,000 to 16,000 of these animals—roughly 25 percent of the world’s wild Asian elephant population—have been captured and trained to perform a variety of tasks. Pulling logs out of forests, carrying passengers and freight, and assisting in capturing wild elephants are among the many jobs requiring intelligence and strength that elephants perform.
Logging tasks in particular demand high levels of skill. Initial training of elephants for the timber industry may take three to five years. After that, the elephants are individually fine-tuned for another ten years before they are sent out to haul logs from the forests. The graduates of logging schools may work for 30 years or more, retiring at about 50 years of age. The elephant’s trainer (called an oozie or mahout) earns his livelihood by charging money for use of his skilled elephant. The trainer often grows
For more than 2022 years, Asian elephants have been captured and trained to serve people. African elephants were used by Carthaginian general Hannibal to carry his supplies across the Alps during his famous march to conquer Rome in the 3rd century. As recently as the 16th century, elephants were harnessed and ridden onto the battlefield, and during World War II (1939-1945) they were used to drag heavy military equipment up steep, muddy slopes.
Although no longer employed for warfare, Asian elephants continue to earn their keep in Southeast Asia and India. Approximately 13,000 to 16,000 of these animals—roughly 25 percent of the world’s wild Asian elephant population—have been captured and trained to perform a variety of tasks. Pulling logs out of forests, carrying passengers and freight, and assisting in capturing wild elephants are among the many jobs requiring intelligence and strength that elephants perform.
Logging tasks in particular demand high levels of skill. Initial training of elephants for the timber industry may take three to five years. After that, the elephants are individually fine-tuned for another ten years before they are sent out to haul logs from the forests. The graduates of logging schools may work for 30 years or more, retiring at about 50 years of age. The elephant’s trainer (called an oozie or mahout) earns his livelihood by charging money for use of his skilled elephant. The trainer often grows
[align=center]old along with his student, during which time an unbreakable bond of mutual respect and genuine friendship forms between the two.
Status
African and Asian elephants are now endangered species. A variety of forces have contributed to their decline. Elephants have been slaughtered in past centuries solely for their tusks, which are made of highly prized ivory. In the 1900s the wild elephant population stood at 5 million to 10 million; by 1979 hunting and habitat destruction had reduced it to 1.3 million. In the ten years between 1979 and 1989, the collapse of oil prices generated pursuit of other moneymaking ventures, and an estimated 600,000 African elephants—almost half the population—were slaughtered for ivory.
In June 1989 the United States banned all ivory imports, with other nations adopting similar bans soon thereafter
African and Asian elephants are now endangered species. A variety of forces have contributed to their decline. Elephants have been slaughtered in past centuries solely for their tusks, which are made of highly prized ivory. In the 1900s the wild elephant population stood at 5 million to 10 million; by 1979 hunting and habitat destruction had reduced it to 1.3 million. In the ten years between 1979 and 1989, the collapse of oil prices generated pursuit of other moneymaking ventures, and an estimated 600,000 African elephants—almost half the population—were slaughtered for ivory.
In June 1989 the United States banned all ivory imports, with other nations adopting similar bans soon thereafter
. Under the African Elephant Conservation Act, the United States established a program to award up to $5 million a year for projects to help stop the killing of elephants in Africa. Even with such protective measures in place, ivory poaching remains a major threat. Poachers kill older elephants, including matriarchs, for their larger tusks. Herds depend on the matriarch, and her loss may interfere with the herd’s ability to migrate for food and protect the young. When mother elephants are killed, the nursing young often do not survive.
Battles over shared land and its resources also cause many elephant deaths in both Africa and Asia. Increasing population and displacement resulting from forces such as consolidation of small farms drive people to clear jungles and forests for new farmland and homes. In an effort to ensure their own survival, people rob elephants of opportunities to thrive and reproduce. In many countries, wild elephants can only be found within national parks, many of which are too small and isolated to support the growth of herd populations. As a result of human impact and limited success in preserving their habitats, the number of African and Asian elephants has dropped to a dangerous low.
Elephant researchers, wildlife managers, and conservationists all over the world are currently cooperating to ensure the survival of African and Asian elephants in the wild. Among the more active organizations are the World Wildlife Fund and the World Conservation Union (IUCN). Zoos are also dedicated to promoting elephant survival, providing needed educational programs about this magnificent animal and its plight. The American Zoo and Aquarium Association has established captive breeding programs for Asian and African elephants in an effort to prevent their extinction. Transporting elephants from the wild to zoo populations is now illegal, and if breeding programs are unsuccessful, the captive elephant population is projected to die out by the year 2030.
Scientific classification: African and Asian elephants are members of the elephant family, Elephantidae, in the order Proboscidea. The African elephant is classified as Loxodonta africana and the Asian elephant as Elephas maximus
Battles over shared land and its resources also cause many elephant deaths in both Africa and Asia. Increasing population and displacement resulting from forces such as consolidation of small farms drive people to clear jungles and forests for new farmland and homes. In an effort to ensure their own survival, people rob elephants of opportunities to thrive and reproduce. In many countries, wild elephants can only be found within national parks, many of which are too small and isolated to support the growth of herd populations. As a result of human impact and limited success in preserving their habitats, the number of African and Asian elephants has dropped to a dangerous low.
Elephant researchers, wildlife managers, and conservationists all over the world are currently cooperating to ensure the survival of African and Asian elephants in the wild. Among the more active organizations are the World Wildlife Fund and the World Conservation Union (IUCN). Zoos are also dedicated to promoting elephant survival, providing needed educational programs about this magnificent animal and its plight. The American Zoo and Aquarium Association has established captive breeding programs for Asian and African elephants in an effort to prevent their extinction. Transporting elephants from the wild to zoo populations is now illegal, and if breeding programs are unsuccessful, the captive elephant population is projected to die out by the year 2030.
Scientific classification: African and Asian elephants are members of the elephant family, Elephantidae, in the order Proboscidea. The African elephant is classified as Loxodonta africana and the Asian elephant as Elephas maximus
لقراءة ردود و اجابات الأعضاء على هذا الموضوع اضغط هنا
سبحان الله و بحمده
موقع ط±ط§ط¨ط· ط§ط³طھط¹ظ„ط§ظ… ظ†طھط§ط¦ط¬ ط§ظ…طھطظ†ط§طھ و ط§ط®طھط¨ط§ط±ط§طھ ط§ظ„ظ…ط±طظ„ط© ط§ظ„ظ…طھظˆط³ط·ط© السعودية
النتائج على الرابط التالي
EdwWave – شهادات الطلاب
لقراءة ردود و اجابات الأعضاء على هذا الموضوع اضغط هنا
سبحان الله و بحمده
قواعد ط§ظ„ط¸ط±ظˆظپ في ط§ظ„ظ„ط؛ط© ط§ظ„ط§ظ†ط¬ظ„ظٹط²ظٹط©
قواعد الظروف في الانجليزية
تعلم ظ‚ظˆط§ط¹ط¯ الظروف في الانجليزية هو أمر مهم للغاية، بدونه سوف تواجه بعض الصعوبات في التعبير بالانجليزية.
قواعد مهمة:
الظروف الانجليزية هي كلمات تغير أي كلمة أخرى ما عدى الاسماء. الظروف تغير الافعال و النعوت و غيرها. هناك ظروف المكان و الزمان و الكيفية و التردد.
هذه بعض الأمثلة:
الظروف بالعربية English Adverbs / الظروف في الانجليزية
: ظروف adverbs
أقرأ كتابا احيانا I read a book sometimes
أنا لن أدخّن ابدا I will never smoke
هل أنت وحدك؟ are you alone?
هل لاحظت كيف تستعمل الظروف في الأمثلة أعلاه؟ حاول التعرف على الظروف في هذه الجمل و حاول إعادة تركيبها في سياق أخر.
لائحة الظروف في الانجليزية
هذه لائحة الظروف في الانجليزية، مثلا الظروف بما فيها المكان ، الزمان و الكيفية تم وضعها هنا لكي تتمكن من قراءتها و حفضها أيضا. لأن الوسيلة الأكثر نجاحا في تعلم اللغات هي معرفة إستعمال المفردات لكن أيضا حفضهم. نفس الشيء يجب فعله في اللغة الانجليزية.
الظروف بالعربية English Adverbs
ظروف الزمن adverbs of time
أمس yesterday
اليوم today
غدا tomorrow
الآن now
ثم then
فيما بعد later
هذه الليلة tonight
في الوقت الحالي right now
ليلة أمس last night
هذا الصباح this morning
الأسبوع المقبل next week
سابقا already
مؤخرا recently
في الأونة الأخيرة lately
قريبا soon
فورا immediately
لا يزال still
بعد yet
منذ ago
ظروف مكان adverbs of place
هنا here
هناك there
هنالك over there
في كل مكان everywhere
في أي مكان anywhere
لا مكان nowhere
منزل home
بعيدا away
خارج out
ظروف الطريقة adverbs of manner
جدا very
تماما quite
جميل pretty
حقا really
سريع fast
جيد well
صعب hard
بسرعة quickly
ببطء slowly
بعناية carefully
بالكاد hardly
بالكاد barely
في الغالب mostly
تقريبا almost
إطلاقا absolutely
معا together
وحده alone
ظروف العادة adverbs of frequency
دائما always
كثيرا frequently
عادة usually
أحيانا sometimes
في المناسبات occasionally
نادرا ما seldom
نادرا rarely
أبدا never
كما تلاحظ، الظروف بما فيها المكان ، الزمان و الكيفية لهم دور مهم. لذلك يجب إعطاءهم أولوية عند تعلم اللغة الانجليزية. إذا إنتهيت من هذه الصفحة و أردت دروس أخرى تصفح صفحتنا الرئيسية حول تعلم الانجليزية. يمكنك أيضا إرسال هذه الصفحة لنفسك أو لصديق عبر الضغط على الواسطة أسفله.
لقراءة ردود و اجابات الأعضاء على هذا الموضوع اضغط هنا
سبحان الله و بحمده
How many residents of Iran
Number of ‘Iran’s population’ currently approximately 73 million people, a quarter under the age of 15 years
لقراءة ردود و اجابات الأعضاء على هذا الموضوع اضغط هنا
سبحان الله و بحمده
تعلم ظ‚ظˆط§ط¹ط¯ ط§ظ„ط¶ظ…ط§ط¦ط± في ط§ظ„ظ„ط؛ط© الايرلندية
قواعد الضمائر في الايرلندية
تعلم قواعد الضمائر في ط§ظ„ط§ظٹط±ظ„ظ†ط¯ظٹط© هو أمر مهم للغاية، بدونه سوف تواجه بعض الصعوبات في التعبير بالايرلندية.
قواعد مهمة:
الضمير اسمٌ يدل على متكلِّم أو مخاطَب أو غائب، مثال ذلك: [أنت – نحن – هم – إيّاكَ – إيّاهم – إيّانا، والتاءُ مِنْ سافرْتُ، والهاءُ مِنْ سَألَه…]
هذه بعض الأمثلة:
الضمائر بالعربية Irish Pronouns / الضمائر في الايرلندية
الضمائر Forainmneacha
أنا mé/ mise
أنت tú/ tusa
هو sé
هي sí
نحن sinn
هم siad
أنا agam/dom/orm/liom/uaim/chugam/asam/ionam
أنت agat/duit/ort/leat/uait/chugat/asat/ionat
له aige/dó/ar/leis/uaidh/chuige/as/ann
لها aici/di/uirthi/léi/uaithi/chuici/aisti/inti
لنا againn/dúinn/orainn/linn/uainn/chugainn/asainn/ionainn
منهم acu/dóibh/orthu/leo/uathu/chucu/astu/iontu
لي mo
لك do
له a charr
لها a carr
لنا ár gcarr
لهم a gcarr
مِلكي mo
ملكك do
ملكه a charr – his car
ملكها a carr – her car
ملكنا ár
ملكهم a
هل لاحظت كيف تستعمل الضمائر في الأمثلة أعلاه؟ حاول التعرف على الضمائر في هذه الجمل و حاول إعادة تركيبها في سياق أخر.
لائحة الضمائر في الايرلندية
هذه لائحة الضمائر في الايرلندية، مثلا الضمائر بما فيها المتكلم ، المخاظب و الغائب تم وضعها هنا لكي تتمكن من قراءتها و حفضها أيضا. لأن الوسيلة الأكثر نجاحا في طھط¹ظ„ظ… اللغات هي معرفة إستعمال المفردات لكن أيضا حفضهم. نفس الشيء يجب فعله في اللغة الايرلندية.
الضمائر بالعربية Irish Pronouns
أنا أتكلم labhraím
انت تتكلم labhraíonn tú
هو يتكلم labhraíonn sé
هى تتكلم Labhraíonn sí
نحن نتكلم labhraimid
هم يتكلمون labhraíonn siad
أعطني a thabhairt dom
أعطيك a thabhairt duit
اعطيه a thabhairt dó
اعطيها a thabhairt di
اعطينا a thabhairt dúinn
اعطيهم a thabhairt dóibh
كتابي mo leabhar
كتابك do leabhar
كتابه a leabhar
كتابها a leabhar
كتابنا leabhar s’againne
كتابهم a gcuid leabhar
كما تلاحظ، الضمائر بما فيها المتكلم ، المخاظب و الغائب لهم دور مهم. لذلك يجب إعطاءهم أولوية عند تعلم اللغة الايرلندية. إذا إنتهيت من هذه الصفحة و أردت دروس أخرى تصفح صفحتنا الرئيسية حول تعلم الايرلندية. يمكنك أيضا إرسال هذه الصفحة لنفسك أو لصديق عبر الضغط على الواسطة أسفله.
لقراءة ردود و اجابات الأعضاء على هذا الموضوع اضغط هنا
سبحان الله و بحمده
تعلم ظ‚ظˆط§ط¹ط¯ ط§ظ„ط§ظپط¹ط§ظ„ في ط§ظ„ظ„ط؛ط© الايطالية
قواعد الافعال في الايطالية
تعلم قواعد الافعال في ط§ظ„ط§ظٹط·ط§ظ„ظٹط© هو أمر مهم للغاية، بدونه سوف تواجه بعض الصعوبات في التعبير بالايطالية.
قواعد مهمة:
الفعل المضارع: ما دلَّ على حدَثٍ يجري مستمرّاً، نحو: [ينجح خالد، وتفرح سعاد، ونسافر مبكِّرين، وأقرأ كثيراً]
الفعل الماضي: ما دلّ على حدَثٍ مضى زمنه. نحو: [سافر خالد]
الفعل المستقبل: ما دل على حدث يتوقع أن يحدث مستقبلا.
هذه بعض الأمثلة:
الافعال بالعربية Italian Verbs / الافعال في الايطالية
الأفعال Verbi
الماضي Passato
أنا تحدثت Ho parlato
كتبت Ho scritto (or)(io) scrissi
قدت – سيارة Ho guidato (or)(io) guidai
أحببت Ho amato (or)(io) amai
أعطيت Ho dato (or)(io) diedi
ابتسمت ho sorriso
أخذت ho preso
هو تحدث ha parlato
كتب ha scritto
قاد ha guidato
احبَّ ha amato
قدم ha dato
ابتسم ha sorriso
اخذ ha preso
نحن تكلمنا abbiamo parlato
كتبنا abbiamo scritto
قدنا abbiamo guidato
أحببنا abbiamo amato
أعطينا abbiamo dato
ابتسمنا abbiamo sorriso
اخذنا abbiamo preso
الزمن المستقبل Futuro
سوف أتكلم Parlerò
سوف أكتب Scriverò
سوف أقود guiderò
سوف أحب Amerò
سوف أعطي Darò
سوف أبتسم sorriderò
سوف آخذ Io prenderò
سوف يتحدث Parlerà
سوف يكتب scriverà
سوف يقود guiderà
سوف يحب amerà
سوف يعطي egli darà
سوف يبتسم sorriderà
سوف يأخذ Prenderà
سوف نتكلم parleremo
سوف نكتب scriveremo
سوف نقود guideremo
سوف نحب ameremo
سوف نعطى daremo
سوف نبتسم sorrideremo
سوف نأخذ prenderemo
الزمن الحالي Presente
أنا أتكلم Parlo
أنا أكتب Scrivo
أنا أقود guido
انا أحب Amo
اانا اعطى do
انا أبتسم Sorrido
انا آخذ Prendo
هو يتكلم parla
يكتب scrive
يقود lui guida
يحب ama
يعطي egli dà
يبتسم sorride
يأخذ prende
نحن نتكلم parliamo
ذحن نكتب scriviamo
نحن نقود guidiamo
نحن نحب amiamo
نحن نعطي diamo
نحن نبتسم sorridiamo
نحن نأخذ prendiamo
هل لاحظت كيف تستعمل الافعال في الأمثلة أعلاه؟ حاول التعرف على الافعال في هذه الجمل و حاول إعادة تركيبها في سياق أخر.
لائحة الافعال في الايطالية
هذه لائحة الافعال في الايطالية، مثلا الافعال بما فيها المضارع ، الماضي و المستقبل تم وضعها هنا لكي تتمكن من قراءتها و حفضها أيضا. لأن الوسيلة الأكثر نجاحا في طھط¹ظ„ظ… اللغات هي معرفة إستعمال المفردات لكن أيضا حفضهم. نفس الشيء يجب فعله في اللغة الايطالية.
الافعال بالعربية Italian Verbs
يمكن أن أقبل هذا Posso accettare che
هي أضافته lei lo ha aggiunto
نحن نعترف بذلك lo ammettiamo
أشاروا عليه lo hanno consigliato
يمكنني أن أتفق مع ذلك posso essere d’accordo con questo/ciò
انها تسمح بذلك lei lo permette
نحن نعلن ذلك (noi) lo annunciamo
يمكنني أن أعتذر posso chiedere scusa
سوف تضهر هي اليوم lei è venuta oggo
لقد رتبوا ذلك hanno stabilito che
يمكنني أن اصل غدا Posso arrivare domani
تستطيع أن تسأله (lei) può chiederlo a lui/può chiederglielo
انها تعلق ذلك lei lo include
نحن نهاجمهم noi li attacchiamo
انهم يتجنبونها (loro) la evitano
يمكنني أن اخبزه posso cuocerlo/a al forno
هي مِثله lei è come lui
نحن نفوز عليه lo abbiamo battuto
أصبحوا سعداء sono diventati felici
يمكنني ان ابدا ذلك posso iniziarlo
نحن اقترضنا المال abbiamo preso in prestito DEL denaro
هم يتنفسون الهواء respirano aria
أستطيع ان اجلبه posso portarlo
استطيع ان ابنيه posso/riesco a costruirlo
انها تشتري الغذاء compra del cibo
نحن نحسبه (noi) lo calcoliamo
انهم يحملونه lo trasportano
انهم لا يغشوا (loro) non imbrogliano
هى تختاره lei lo sceglie
نحن نغلقه lo chiudiamo
هو يأتي هنا viene qui
يمكنني مقارنة ذلك posso confrontarlo/ compararlo (in this cas TALE is not appropriated)
انها تتنافس معى lei è in competizione con me (or)compete con me
نحن نشكو منه ci lamentiamo di ciò
هم واصلوا القراءة hanno continuato a leggere
لقد بكى بسبب ذلك ha pianto per …
يمكنني أن تقرر الآن Posso decidere ora
لقد وصفته لي lei me lo ha descritto
نختلف حول هذا الموضوع non siamo d’accordo su …
لقد اختفوا بسرعة scomparvero in fretta
اكتشفت ذلك Ho scoperto che
انها لا تحب ذلك non le piace ciò
نحن نفعل ذلك lo facciamo
هم يحلمون بذلك (loro) sognano quella cosa or lo sognano
استحقيت Ho guadagnato
انه يأكل الكثير mangia un sacco
استمتعنا بذلك questo ci è piaciuto
دخلوا هنا sono entrati qui
هو هرب منه è scappato da quel/quella.. (or) l’ha scampato
أستطيع شرح ذلك posso spiegare ciò (or) posso spiegare che…
هي تشعر بذلك أيضا anche lei lo sente (or) anche lei sente questo
هربنا من هناك siamo fuggiti da lì
سوف يحلقون بالطائرة غدا voleranno domani (or)andranno in aereo domani
يمكنني أن اتبعكم posso seguirti
هي نسيتني lei mi ha dimenticato
نحن نسامحه noi lo perdoniamo
يمكن أن أعطيها ذك posso darle questo/ciò
هي تذهب هناك lei ci va
نحن باركنا لهم li abbiamo salutati
أنا أكره ذلك odio che… + object (or) odio ciò.
يمكنني أن اسمعه posso sentirlo or posso sentire ciò
هى تتصور ذلك (lei) immagina che
نحن دعوناهم li abbiamo invitati
أنا أعرفه Io lo conosco
هي تعلمت ذلك (lei) ha imparato ciò
نحن نغادر الأن partiamo ora
كذبوا بشأنه hanno mentito su di lui
أستطيع الاستماع إلي ذلك posso ascoltare ciò/questo
انها خسرت ذلك lei ha perso ciò or lo ha perso
لقد فعلناها بالامس l’abbiamo fatta ieri
لقد قابلوه lo hanno inctrontrato
أنا أخطأت في كتابة ذلك ho sbagliato l’ortografia
أصلي دائما Prego sempre
انها تفضل ذلك lei preferisce che
لقد حميناهم li abbiamo protetti
سوف يعاقبوها (loro) la puniranno
أستطيع وضعه هناك posso metterlo lì
انها سوف تقرأه lei lo leggerà
تلقينا ذلك l’abbiamo ricevuto
رفضوا التحدث si rifiutano di parlare
أنا أتذكرها Ricordo che
انها تكرر ذلك ripete che
نحن نراه lo vediamo
هم يبيعوه lo vendono
أرسلت ذلك بالأمس l’ho mandato ieri
هو حلق لحيته lei ha rasato la sua barba/la barba di lui
انها تقلصت بسرعة è indietreggiata rapidamente
سوف نغني ذلك lo canteremo
جلسوا هناك si sedettero lì
أستطيع التحدث بها Posso parlare
إنها تنفق المال lei spende denaro
عانينا منه abbiamo sofferto di quella cosa
هم إقترحوا ذلك suggeriscono che
أنا فاجئته l’ho sorpreso
لقد اخذت ذلك lei l’ha preso
نحن ندرسه noi lo insegnamo
قالوا لنا ci hanno detto
انها شكرته Lei lo ringraziò
أستطيع التفكير في ذلك posso pensarci
هي رمت ذلك lei lo gettò
نحن نفهم ذلك capiamo che
هم يريدون ذلك vogliono ciò, according to context
استطيع ان ارتديه posso indossarlo
انها تكتب ذلك lei scrive che
نتحدث عن ذلك ne parliamo
لديهم ذلك lo hanno (or)ce l’hanno
أنا شاهدت ذلك l’ho guardato
ساتكلم عن ذلك ne parlerò
اشترى هذا بالامس l’abbiamo finito
انتهينا ذلك lo abbiamo finito
كما تلاحظ، الافعال بما فيها المضارع ، الماضي و المستقبل لهم دور مهم. لذلك يجب إعطاءهم أولوية عند تعلم اللغة الايطالية. إذا إنتهيت من هذه الصفحة و أردت دروس أخرى تصفح صفحتنا الرئيسية حول تعلم الايطالية. يمكنك أيضا إرسال هذه الصفحة لنفسك أو لصديق عبر الضغط على الواسطة أسفله.
لقراءة ردود و اجابات الأعضاء على هذا الموضوع اضغط هنا
سبحان الله و بحمده
تعلم ظ‚ظˆط§ط¹ط¯ ط§ظ„ط¸ط±ظˆظپ في ط§ظ„ظ„ط؛ط© الايطالية
قواعد الظروف في الايطالية
تعلم قواعد الظروف في ط§ظ„ط§ظٹط·ط§ظ„ظٹط© هو أمر مهم للغاية، بدونه سوف تواجه بعض الصعوبات في التعبير بالايطالية.
قواعد مهمة:
الظروف الايطالية هي كلمات تغير أي كلمة أخرى ما عدى الاسماء. الظروف تغير الافعال و النعوت و غيرها. هناك ظروف المكان و الزمان و الكيفية و التردد.
هذه بعض الأمثلة:
الظروف بالعربية Italian Adverbs / الظروف في الايطالية
: ظروف avverbi
أقرأ كتابا احيانا Ogni tanto leggo un libro
أنا لن أدخّن ابدا non fumerò mai
هل أنت وحدك؟ Sei solo?
هل لاحظت كيف تستعمل الظروف في الأمثلة أعلاه؟ حاول التعرف على الظروف في هذه الجمل و حاول إعادة تركيبها في سياق أخر.
لائحة الظروف في الايطالية
هذه لائحة الظروف في الايطالية، مثلا الظروف بما فيها المكان ، الزمان و الكيفية تم وضعها هنا لكي تتمكن من قراءتها و حفضها أيضا. لأن الوسيلة الأكثر نجاحا في طھط¹ظ„ظ… اللغات هي معرفة إستعمال المفردات لكن أيضا حفضهم. نفس الشيء يجب فعله في اللغة الايطالية.
الظروف بالعربية Italian Adverbs
ظروف الزمن avverbi di tempo
أمس ieri
اليوم oggi
غدا domani
الآن ora
ثم poi (or)allora (consequence)
فيما بعد più tardi
هذه الليلة stasera
في الوقت الحالي adesso
ليلة أمس la notte scorsa
هذا الصباح stamattina
الأسبوع المقبل la prossima settimana
سابقا già
مؤخرا recentemente
في الأونة الأخيرة ultimamente
قريبا presto
فورا immediatamente
لا يزال ancora
بعد ancora
منذ fa
ظروف مكان avverbi di luogo
هنا qui
هناك là
هنالك laggiù
في كل مكان ovunque
في أي مكان ovunque, in qualsiasi luogo
لا مكان da nessuna parte
منزل casa
بعيدا via
خارج fuori
ظروف الطريقة avverbi di modo
جدا molto
تماما abbastanza
جميل piuttosto
حقا veramente
سريع veloce
جيد bene
صعب con fatica, tenacemente
بسرعة rapidamente
ببطء lentamente
بعناية attentamente (or)con cura
بالكاد appena (or)a fatica
بالكاد a mala pena
في الغالب per la maggiparte
تقريبا quasi
إطلاقا assolutamente
معا insieme
وحده da solo
ظروف العادة avverbi di frequenza
دائما sempre
كثيرا frequentemente
عادة solitamente
أحيانا a volte
في المناسبات occasionalmente
نادرا ما raramente
نادرا raramente
أبدا mai
كما تلاحظ، الظروف بما فيها المكان ، الزمان و الكيفية لهم دور مهم. لذلك يجب إعطاءهم أولوية عند تعلم اللغة الايطالية. إذا إنتهيت من هذه الصفحة و أردت دروس أخرى تصفح صفحتنا الرئيسية حول تعلم الايطالية. يمكنك أيضا إرسال هذه الصفحة لنفسك أو لصديق عبر الضغط على الواسطة أسفله.
